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Heavy Metal History (Part 2)

Thrash Metal

Thrash metal emerged in the early 1980s under the influence of hardcore punk and the New Wave of British Heavy Metal,[73] particularly songs in the revved-up style known as speed metal. The movement began in the United States, with the leading scene in the San Francisco Bay Area. The sound developed by thrash groups was faster and more aggressive than that of the original metal bands and their glam metal successors.[73] Peter Steel of Type O Negative described thrash as a form of "urban blight music" and a palefaced cousin of rap.

Music sample:
"Angel of Death" (1986) (file info) — play in browser (beta)
Slayer's "Angel of Death", from Reign in Blood (1986), which features the fast, technically complex musicianship typical of thrash metal

The subgenre was popularized by the "Big Four of Thrash": Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer.[75] Three German bands, Kreator, Sodom, and Destruction, played a central role in bringing the style to Europe. Others, including San Francisco's Testament and Exodus, New Jersey's Overkill, and Brazil's Sepultura, also had a significant impact. While thrash began as an underground scene, and remained largely for that for almost a decade, the leading bands in the movement began to reach a wider audience. Metallica brought the sound into the top 40 of the Billboard album chart in 1986 with Master of Puppets; two years later, the band's ...And Justice for All hit number 6, while Megadeth and Anthrax had top 40 records.

Though less commercially successful than the rest of the Big Four, Slayer released one of the genre's definitive records: Reign in Blood (1986) was described by Kerrang! as the "heaviest album of all time."[77] Two decades later, Metal Hammer named it the best album of the preceding twenty years.[78] Slayer attracted a following among far-right skinheads, and accusations of promoting violence and Nazi themes have dogged the band.[79] In the early 1990s, thrash achieved breakout success, challenging and redefining the metal mainstream.[80] Metallica's self-titled 1991 album topped the Billboard chart, Megadeth's Countdown to Extinction (1992) hit number 2, Anthrax and Slayer cracked the top 10, and albums by regional bands such as Testament and Sepultura entered the top 100.


Death Metal

Aleister Crowley was an inspiration to Jimmy Page, as well as many death and black metal bands.[81]Thrash soon began to evolve and split into more extreme metal genres. According to Allmusic, Slayer's Reign in Blood "almost single-handedly inspired the entire death metal genre (at least on the American side of the Atlantic)."[82] The NWOBHM band Venom was also an important progenitor. The death metal movement on both sides of the Atlantic adopted and emphasized the elements of blasphemy and diabolism employed by such acts. The term is thought to have originated with the song "Death Metal," from Seven Churches (1985), the debut album by Bay Area band Possessed. Death metal utilized the speed and aggression of both thrash and hardcore, fused with lyrics preoccupied with Z-grade slasher movie violence and Satanism.[83] Death metal vocals are typically bleak, involving guttural "death grunts," high-pitched screaming, and other uncommon techniques.[84] Complimenting the deep, aggressive vocal style are downtuned, highly distorted guitars[83] and extremely fast percussion, often with rapid double bass drumming, blast beats, and syncopation. Frequent tempo and time signature changes are typical.

Music sample:
Suffocation (file info) — play in browser (beta)
"Suffocation"" by Obituary from the album Slowly We Rot (1989).

Death metal generally rejected the theatrics of earlier metal styles, opting instead for an everyday look of ripped jeans and plain leather jackets.[85] One major exception to this rule was Deicide's Glen Benton, who branded an inverted cross on his forehead and wore armor on stage. Morbid Angel adopted neo-fascist imagery.[85] These two bands, along with Death and Obituary, were leaders of the major death metal scene that emerged in Florida in the mid-1980s. In the UK, the closely related style of grindcore, led by bands such as Napalm Death and Extreme Noise Terror, emerged out of the anarcho-punk movement.[86] A large Scandinavian death metal scene, with bands such as Sweden's Entombed and Dismember, began to develop as well. Out of this evolved a melodic death metal sound, typified by Swedish bands such as Dark Tranquility and At the Gates. By the 1990s, American technical death metal bands such as Atheist and Cynic were showcasing astonishing levels of guitar speed and technicality.