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Heavy Metal History (Part 4)

The Alternative Era and Nu metal (1990s and 2000s)

Music samples:
Business (file info) — play in browser (beta)
"Business" by Biohazard, from the album Urban Discipline (1992)
 

Pull Harder on the Strings of Your Martyr (file info) — play in browser (beta)
"Pull Harder on the Strings of Your Martyr" by Trivium (2005)

The era of metal's mainstream dominance came to an end in the early 1990s with the emergence of Nirvana and other grunge bands, signaling the popular breakthrough of alternative rock. Grunge bands were influenced by the heavy metal sound, but rejected the excesses of the more popular metal bands. Glam metal fell out of favor thanks not only to the success of grunge, but also because of the growing popularity of the more aggressive sound typified by Metallica and the post-thrash groove metal of Pantera. A few new, unambiguously metal bands had commercial success during the first half of the decade—Pantera's Far Beyond Driven topped the Billboard chart in 1994—but, "In the dull eyes of the mainstream, metal was dead." Some bands tried to adapt to the new musical landscape. Metallica revamped its image: the band members cut their hair and, in 1996, headlined the alternative musical festival Lollapalooza founded by Jane's Addiction singer Perry Farrell. While this prompted a backlash among some long-time fans,[114] Metallica remained one of the most successful bands in the world into the new century.

Alice in Chains' Dirt (1992) was one of the biggest-selling albums identified with alternative metal.Like Jane's Addiction, many of the most popular early 1990s groups with roots in heavy metal fall under the umbrella term "alternative metal."[116] The label was applied to a wide spectrum of acts that fused metal with different styles, not all associated with alternative rock. Acts labeled alternative metal included the Seattle grunge scene's Alice in Chains, the noise rock-infused White Zombie, and groups drawing on multiple styles: Faith No More combined their alternative rock sound with punk, funk, metal, and hip-hop; Primus joined elements of funk, punk, thrash metal, and experimental music. Tool mixed metal and progressive rock; Ministry began incorporating metal into its industrial sound; and Marilyn Manson went down a similar route, while also employing shock effects of the sort popularized by Alice Cooper. Alternative metal artists, though they did not represent a cohesive scene, were united by their willingness to experiment with the metal genre and their rejection of glam metal aesthetics (with White Zombie's and Marilyn Manson's stagecraft representing significant, if partial, exceptions).[116] Alternative metal's mix of styles and sounds represented "the colorful results of metal opening up to face the outside world."

In the mid- and late 1990s came a new wave of U.S. metal groups inspired by the alternative metal bands and their mix of genres. Dubbed "nu metal," bands such as P.O.D., Korn, Papa Roach, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, and Linkin Park incorporated elements ranging from hip-hop to death metal, proving "pancultural metal could pay off." Nu metal gained mainstream success through heavy MTV rotation and Ozzy Osbourne's 1996 introduction of Ozzfest, which led the media to talk of a resurgence of heavy metal. That year, Korn released Life Is Peachy, the first nu metal album to reach the top 10; two years later, the band's Follow the Leader hit number 1. In 1999, Billboard noted that there were more than 500 specialty metal radio shows in the U.S., nearly three times as many as ten years before.[121] While nu metal was widely popular early in the 2000s, traditional metal fans did not fully embrace the style. By 2005, the nu metal movement was waning, though P.O.D. and Korn, as well as some bands with related styles, such as System of a Down, remained successful.


Recent Trends (mid-2000s)

In Europe, especially Germany and Scandinavia, metal continues to be very popular, with dedicated fans supporting already established acts and propelling newer ones like Edguy and HammerFall to superstar status. This commitment is evidenced by the open-air festivals held around the continent from late spring to summer, including several week-long events featuring dozens of bands and audiences of up to fifty thousand people. In addition to the long-running Ozzfest, major metal-oriented festivals include Wacken Open Air, Summer Breeze Festival, Bang Your Head!!!, Metalcamp, Gods of Metal, Inferno Festival, Rockwave, and Keep It True.

Metalcore, an originally American hybrid of thrash metal, melodic death metal, and hardcore punk, emerged as a commercial force in 2002–3. It is rooted in the crossover thrash style developed by bands such as Suicidal Tendencies and Stormtroopers of Death in the mid-1980s. Through the 1990s, metalcore was mostly an underground phenomenon, but by 2004 it had become popular enough that Killswitch Engage's The End of Heartache and Shadows Fall's The War Within debuted at numbers 21 and 20, respectively, on the Billboard album chart. Lamb of God broke into the top 10 with Sacrament (2006). In recent years, metalcore bands have received prominent slots at Ozzfest and Download Festival.

The early and mid-2000s also saw a traditional heavy metal revival spearheaded by bands such as Australia's Wolfmother, England's Roadstar, and Northern Ireland's The Answer. These bands, sometimes dubbed "retro-metal," have received significant music press attention. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album went to number 3 in Australia and was a both a UK and U.S. top 40 hit.